FDISK

This is the main screen used during the time running FDISK. This would also be the first screen if your computer operating system does not support FAT32. From this window you will have the capability of setting up or removing partitions from your hard drive(s).

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Using the options within this screen you will be able to create the various different partitions. These options will only allow you to create FAT16, and FAT32 partitions if supported and you pressed Y for Yes to enable large disk partitions. If you are attempting to create NTFS partitions, use Windows NT Disk Manager.

1. Create Primary DOS Partition - Choosing this option you will be prompted to use maximum space. If you specify yes, this will use up to 2 GB if creating FAT16 partitions, or up to 32 GB if using FAT32. If you choose no you will be able to specify how large you would like the partition to be. NOTE: you will need to create primary partitions before being able to create Extended or Logical DOS partitions.2. Create Extended DOS Partition - If you are using FAT16 and have a 2 GB or higher hard drive or have only specified a small portion of the hard drive as the Primary partition, use this option to create the Extended DOS partition(s) (other drive assignments). The Extended DOS partition will be used to hold the Logical DOS drives; therefore, use the maximum space left on the hard drive.3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition - This option is used after you have created an Extended DOS partitions. Once the Extended DOS partition has been created you then can specify the sizes of other partitions you wish to create.
Example of what has been explained above:
Bob has a six GB hard disk drive and wishes to divide the hard drive into three partitions, each using FAT 16.
Step 1. If prompted to use Large Disk support, press N for no because Bob does not want FAT32, he would like FAT16.Step 2. Choose option one to create a Primary partition. Once prompted to use maximum space, press N for no and specify 2 GB as the size of the primary partitions Step 3. Once the primary DOS partition has been created, choose option two to create an extended DOS partition. Use the maximum space, which would be four GB because two GB has already been used for the Primary Partition.Step 4. Create two logical DOS drives, each being 2 GB.Step 5. Reboot the computer and format each of the drives to allow them to be accessible.
Assuming Bob only had one hard drive, doing the above Bob would have:
Drive C: Partition 1 (Primary) FAT 16Drive D: Partition 2 (Extended/Logical) FAT16Drive E: Partition 3 (Extended/Logical) FAT16

Note: Once a primary partition has been created please ensure that you set the partition as an active partition.


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Within this screen you will have the capability of deleting pre-existing DOS partitions. If you currently have no disk space available on your hard drive and wish to create additional partitions, you must first use this screen to delete the partitions and then you will be able to create partitions. NOTE: if you delete partitions, any information on those partitions will be erased and CANNOT be recovered.






1. Delete Primary DOS partition - Use this option to delete your main primary partition. However, if you currently have any Extended / Logical DOS partitions, you must delete these partitions before you will be able to delete the Primary DOS partition.2. Delete Extended DOS partition - If you have your computer partitions into more than one drive, use this option to delete the extended dos partition(s). You must delete the Logical DOS Drive(s) before you can delete the Extended DOS partition.3. Delete Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition - This option would be used first if you have extended DOS partitions and wish to delete the extended partitions.4. Delete Non-DOS Partition - This option is usually used for partitions that either have been created by third-party applications, such as a DDO or other operating systems such as IBM Warp, Unix, as well as various other operating systems.
Example of what has been explained above:
Bob has created three partitions on one hard disk drive; however, he would like to delete them all.
Step 1. Delete the two logical DOS drive(s) in the Extended DOS partition with Option number three.Step 2. Once the Logical DOS partitions have been deleted, choose option number two to delete the extended DOS partition.Step 3. Choose option one to delete the Primary partition.Step 4. Reboot the computer to allow above changes to take effect.

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Within this screen you will be able to see what is currently being used and how your computer hard drive is setup. NOTE: If you see invalid information such as !, *, &, % as the Volume Label, the Partition, or the Status, it is a good possibility that you may have a VIRUS on the computer.




The above picture displays information about Extended DOS partitions; if, however, you only have a Primary DOS partition, your screen would only display the partition information and you will only have the option to Esc out of the screen.



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This option is only available if more than one Hard Drive is installed within the computer. In the below picture you can notice that we have 3 hard drives listed within this computer. Disk 1 has two partitions, which are C: and D: The hard drive's total space is 3 GB. Then Disk 2 has three partitions E:, F:, and G: and the hard drive total space is 6668, or 7 GB. As you notice in the below picture, there is also a Disk 3, this is actually an Iomega Zip Drive hooked up to the IDE controller on the Motherboard. Other media that is connected to the IDE controller within your computer will usually be displayed within FDISK; however, this is not a hard drive and does not need to be FDISKed, this is why 95MB is free. An exception to this rule would be a CD-ROM.

Partitioning Hard Drives in Windows XP

Remember that old Radio Shack TRS-80 computer that sat on your desk? One of the rituals that went with ownership was popping a tape into the cassette deck to load a program, all the while hoping the tape didn't get stretched or chewed up before the process completed. Later on hard drives made an appearance, but back in those early days a hard drive was a luxury, and a very expensive luxury at that when you start computing the cost per megabyte of early drives. Today, we rarely give much thought to the hard drive. In one way it's good they have become inexpensive and so reliable they seldom fail. On the other hand, because they are so reliable, we tend to ignore hard drives and overlook ways to make them more useful and efficient. A modified or advanced partitioning scheme isn't essential to the basic operation of a personal computer, but if you're a tweaker or organizational fanatic (I admit it, I am, on both counts) then partitioning affords a wealth of customization and organizational opportunities.

The Basic Hard Drive

What's a hard drive? There are tons of books and sites that delve into detailed descriptions, but basically it's a storage device. The medium that stores the actual data is called a platter, usually made from aluminum, and there are varying numbers of stacked platters depending on the capacity of the hard drive. The platters are placed inside a sealed case along with an actuator assembly for the heads and arms that move back and forth across the platters to write and retrieve the data. A hard drive is non-volatile storage. It requires no power supply to maintain the data that has been placed on the drive. In addition, the data is completely under user control. Data can be added and deleted at will and the drive can be configured in various ways to suit the purpose of the user.

Examining the Hard Disk Layout

The easiest way to understand the system drive structure is to use a tool supplied with Windows XP called Disk Management, a snap-in that's part of the Microsoft Management Console. The majority of systems sold today for home or small business use will come equipped with one hard drive, although many manufacturers offer special deals on new systems that make it financially attractive to add a second, third, or even fourth hard drive if you have a need for the extra capacity. In spite of the fact that a single hard drive can be configured in many different ways, it's a pretty safe bet that an off the shelf system will arrive in one of two basic configurations. Either the entire drive will be partitioned as C: as shown in Fig. 01 or it will be split into two partitions, one as C: that is visible and another partition that is hidden and contains an image of the operating system (and a ton of useless software) in case things go terribly wrong requiring a reinstall of the operating system.

COMPUTER HISTORYHistory of UNIX / Linux and other variants

1957
Bell Labs found they needed an operating system for their computer center which at the time was running various batch jobs. The BESYS operating system was created at Bell Labs to deal with these needs.
1965
Bell Labs was adopting third generation computer equipment and decided to join forces with General Electric and MIT to create Multics (Multiplexed Information and Computing Service).
1969
By April 1969, AT&T made a decision to withdraw Multics and go with GECOS. When Multics was withdrawn Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie needed to rewrite an operating system in order to play space travel on another smaller machine (a DEC PDP-7 [Programmed Data Processor 4K memory for user programs). The result was a system which a punning colleague called UNICS (UNiplexed Information and Computing Service)--an 'emasculated Multics'.
1969
Summer 1969 UNIX was developed.
1969
Linus Torvalds is born.
1971
First edition of UNIX released 11/03/1971. The first edition of the "UNIX PROGRAMMER'S MANUAL [by] K. Thompson [and] D. M. Ritchie" is also dated "November 3, 1971". It includes over 60 commands like: b (compile B program); boot (reboot system); cat (concatenate files); chdir (change working directory); chmod (change access mode); chown (change owner); cp (copy file); ls (list directory contents); mv (move or rename file); roff (run off text); wc (get word count); who (who is one the system). The main thing missing was pipes.
1972
Second edition of UNIX released 12/06/1972
1972
Ritchie rewrote B and called the new language C.
1973
UNIX had been installed on 16 sites (all within AT&T/Western Electric); it was publically unveiled at a conference in October.
1973
Third edition of UNIX released February 1973
1973
Forth edition of UNIX released November 1973
1974
Fifth edition of UNIX released June 1974
1974
Thompson went to UC Berkeley to teach for a year, Bill Joy arrived as a new graduate student. Frustrated with ed, Joy developed a more featured editor em.
1975
Sixth edition of UNIX released May 1975
1975
Bourne shell is introduced begins being added onto.
1977
1BSD released late 1977
1978
2BSD released mid 1978
1979
Seventh edition of UNIX released January 1979
1979
3BSD released late 1979
1979
SCO founded by Doug and Larry Michels as UNIX porting and consulting company.
1980
4.0BSD released October 1980
1982
SGI introduces IRIX.
1983
SCO delivers its first packaged UNIX system called SCO XENIX System V for Intel 8086 and 8088 processor-based PCs.
1984
Ultrix 1.0 was released.
1985
Eighth edition of UNIX released February 1985
1985
The GNU manifesto is published in the March 1985 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal. The GNU project starts a year and a half later.
1986
HP-UX 1.0 released.
1986
Ninth edition of UNIX released September 1986
1987
Sun and AT&T lay the groundwork for business computing in the next decade with an alliance to develop UNIX System V Release 4.
1988
HP-UX 2.0 released.
1988
HP-UX 3.0 released.
1989
SCO ships SCO UNIX System V/386, the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the UNIX System trademark.
1989
HP-UX 7.0 released.
1989
Tenth edition of UNIX released October 1989
1990
AIX short for Advanced Interactive eXecutive was first entered into the market by IBM February 1990.
1991
Sun unveils Solaris 2 operating environment, specially tuned for symetric multiprocessing.
1991
Linux is introduced by Linus Torvalds, a student in Finland. Who post to the comp.os.minix newsgroup with the words:
Hello everybody out there using minix -
I'm doing a (free) operating system (just a hobby, won't be big and professional like gnu) for 386(486) AT clones.
1991
HP-UX 8.0 released.
1991
BSD/386 ALPHA First code released to people outside BSDI 12/xx/1991
1992
HP-UX 9.0 released.
1993
NetBSD 0.8 released 04/20/1993
1993
FreeBSD 1.0 released December of 1993
1994
Red Hat Linux is introduced.
1994
Caldera, Inc was founded in 1994 by Ransom Love and Bryan Sparks.
1994
NetBSD 1.0 released 10/26/1994
1995
FreeBSD 2.0 released 01/xx/1995
1995
SCO acquires UNIX Systems source technology business from Novell Corporation (which had acquired it from AT&T's UNIX System Laboratories). SCO also acquires UnixWare 2 operating system from Novell.
1995
HP-UX 10.0 released.
1995
4.4 BSD Lite Release 2 the true final distribution from the CSRG 06/xx/1995
1996
KDE is started to be developed by Matthias Ettrich
1997
HP-UX 11.0 released.
1997
Caldera ships OpenLinux Standard 1.1 May 5, 1997, the second offering in Caldera's OpenLinux product line
1998
IRIX 6.5 the fifth generation of SGI UNIX is released July 6, 1998.
1998
SCO delivers UnixWare 7 operating system.
1998
Sun Solaris 7 operating system released.
1998
FreeBSD 3.0 released 10/16/1998
2000
FreeBSD 4.0 released 03/13/2000
2000
Caldera Systems Inc. announces that Caldera Systems has entered into agreement to acquire the SCO Server Software Division and the Professional Services Division.
2001
Microsoft files a trademark suit against Lindows.com in December.
2004
Lindows changes it's name to Linspire April 14, 2004.

12. Differences Between Versions Of Linux

One thing that deserves mention in this section is the variety of Linux versions that exist in the world and what we call them. Unlike a proprietary software product where one company carefully controls the name and creates a small number of well defined releases, variations of Linux are developed by lots of different independent people and all of them are called Linux.
The most basic Linux releases are controlled by Linus Torvalds and distributed by kernel.org as the main Linux releases. They are the only releases that can properly by called "Linux 2.4," "Linux 2.6.6," etc.
But hardly anybody uses those releases. Instead, people start with those releases and make modifications. People often sloppily refer to a Linux based on Linux 2.6.6 as Linux 2.6.6 itself. But to be correct, you have to add something -- usually a hyphen and a suffix. Red Hat versions of Linux, which you see a lot, unfortunately use just a plain number for that suffix, e.g. Linux 2.6.6-12. (It would be better if they used something more explicitly Red Hat, such as Linux 2.6.6-rh12).
Remember that in this document, "Linux" means the kernel; when we consider the operating systems called "Linux", the situation gets even more complicated.

12.1. Linux 2.4 - Linux 2.6
12.1.1. Linking Done In Kernel
The biggest change to LKMs between Linux 2.4 and Linux 2.6 is an internal one: LKMs get loaded much differently. Most people won't see any difference except that the suffix on a file containing an LKM has changed, because they use high level tools to manage the LKMs and the interface to those tools hasn't changed.
Before Linux 2.6, a user space program would interpret the ELF object (.o) file and do all the work of linking it to the running kernel, generating a finished binary image. The program would pass that image to the kernel and the kernel would do little more than stick it in memory. In Linux 2.6, the kernel does the linking. A user space program passes the contents of the ELF object file directly to the kernel. For this to work, the ELF object image must contain additional information. To identify this particular kind of ELF object file, we name the file with suffix ".ko" ("kernel object") instead of ".o" For example, the serial device driver that in Linux 2.4 lived in the file serial.o in Linux 2.6 lives in the file serial.ko.
So there is a whole new modutils package for use with Linux 2.6. In it, insmod is a trivial program, as compared to the full blown linker of the Linux 2.4 version.
Also, the procedure to build an LKM is somewhat harder. To make a .ko file, you start with a regular .o file. You run the program modpost (which comes with the Linux source code) on it to create a C source file that describes the additional sections the .ko file needs. We'll call this the .mod file because you conventionally include ".mod" in the file name.
You compile the .mod file and link the result with the original .o file to make a .ko file.
The .mod object file contains the name that the LKM instance will have when you load the LKM. You set that name with a -D compile option (when you compile the .mod file) that sets the KBUILD_MODNAME macro.
This change means some things are decidedly harder -- choosing the name for the LKM instance, for example. In Linux 2.4, the name was one of the inputs to the kernel. insmod decided on the name and passed it to the kernel. insmod's -o option told it explicitly what to use for the LKM instance name. But in 2.6, there is no such parameter on the system call and hence no -o option on insmod. The name is part of the ELF object (.o file) that you pass to the kernel. The default name is built into the ELF object, but if you want to load it with some other name, you must edit the ELF image before passing it to insmod.

12.1.2. No Module Busy Function
In Linux 2.6 can_unload (see Section 11.4) is gone.

12.1.3. CONFIG_MODULE_UNLOAD
You can configure the kernel build to build a kernel that does not allow unloading of modules at all, thus sidestepping any problems with modules that get unloaded while still in use. See Section 11.4.

12.1.4. Reference Counting
The interface that the code of an LKM uses to manipulate its reference count has been replaced.

CPU socket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from List of CPU sockets)
Jump to: navigation, search

Socket 370 processor socket
The term CPU socket (or CPU slot) is widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.
Most CPU sockets and processors in use today are built around the pin grid array (PGA) architecture, in which the pins on the underside of the processor are inserted into the socket, usually with zero insertion force (ZIF) to aid installation. In contrast to this, several current and upcoming sockets use a land grid array (LGA) in which the pins are on the socket side instead and come in contact with pads on the processor. Slot based processors are cartridge shaped and fix into a slot that looks similar to expansion slots.
Contents[hide]
1 List of sockets and slots
1.1 Sockets
1.2 Slots
2 See also
3 External links
//

[edit] List of sockets and slots

[edit] Sockets
Socket 1 - 80486
Socket 2 - 80486
Socket 3 - 80486 (3.3 V and 5 V) and compatibles
Socket 4 - Intel Pentium 60/66 MHz
Socket 5 - Intel Pentium 75-133 MHz; AMD K5; IDT WinChip C6, WinChip 2
Socket 6 - 80486
Socket 7 - Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX; AMD K6
Super Socket 7 - AMD K6-2, AMD K6-III; Rise mP6
Socket 8 - Intel Pentium Pro
Socket 370 - Intel Pentium III, Celeron; Cyrix III; VIA C3
Socket 423 - Intel Pentium 41 Willamette core
Socket 463 (also known as Socket NexGen) - NexGen Nx586
Socket 478 - Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition1
Socket 479 - Intel Pentium M, Celeron M, Core Duo, & Core Solo
Socket 486 - 80486
Socket 499 - DEC Alpha 21164a
Socket 563 - AMD low-power mobile Athlon XP-M (µ-PGA Socket, mostly mobile parts)
Socket 603 - Intel Xeon
Socket 604 - Intel Xeon
Socket 754 - AMD single-processor systems using single-channel DDR-SDRAM, including AMD Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion 64
LGA 771 (also known as Socket 771) - Intel Xeon
Socket T (also known as LGA 775 or Socket 775) - Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D, Pentium Extreme Edition, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Celeron1
Socket 939 - AMD single-processor systems using dual-channel DDR-SDRAM, including Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX to 1 GHz2, Athlon 64 X2, Opteron 100-series
Socket 940 - AMD single and multi-processor systems using DDR-SDRAM, including AMD Opteron 2, Athlon 64 FX
Socket A (also known as Socket 462) - AMD Athlon, Duron, Athlon XP, Athlon XP-M, Athlon MP, and Sempron
Socket F (also known as Socket 1207) - AMD multi-processor systems using DDR2-SDRAM, including AMD Opteron2, replaces Socket 940
Socket AM2 - AMD single-processor systems using DDR2-SDRAM, replaces Socket 754 and Socket 9392
Socket 4x4 - Future AMD dual-processor systems using DDR2-SDRAM, allows two dual-core microprocessors side by side (2x AM2 sockets or 2x 1207-pin socket F are rumoured).
Socket P - Future Intel-based, replaces Socket 479 for notebooks (Expected 2007)
Socket S1 - AMD-based mobile platforms using DDR2-SDRAM, replaces Socket 754 in the mobile sector
PAC418 - Intel Itanium
PAC611 - Intel Itanium 2, HP PA-RISC 8800 and 8900
Socket M - Intel Core Solo, Intel Core Duo, Intel Dual-Core Xeon and Intel Core 2 Duo

[edit] Slots
Slot 1 - Intel Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III
Slot 2 - Intel Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon
Slot A - AMD Athlon
Slot B - DEC Alpha
Slotkets - adapters for using socket processors in bus-compatible slot motherboards
1: The 478 pin socket was introduced because it uses a micro-PGA layout which is physically smaller than the socket 423. Socket 775 was introduced with support for PCI express, DDR2 memory and Intel's version of the AMD64 processor extensions (called EM64T), but also moved to the new Land Grid Array physical layout, where the pins are in the socket rather than on the CPU package, for better electrical performance.
2: These sockets are for CPUs with integrated memory controllers. The 754 pin models have a single memory channel routed through the CPU pins. The 939 pin models have two memory channels, hence the higher pin count. The 940 pin CPUs also have two memory channels but they require registered memory, and most have support for SMP. Sockets F and AM2 are redesigned to support DDR2. The Socket F contains 1207 pins (Added pins speculated to be for more scalability and better power distribution. Socket AM2 has 940 pin-holes but does not support current AMD Opteron processors.
3: The slot packages had two advantages; L2 cache could be installed on the processor package but on a separate piece of silicon, and insertion and removal is simpler and easier. However, it lengthens the path of the traces from the CPU to the chipset and so became unsuitable as clock speeds increased past around 500 MHz. They were therefore abandoned and replaced with Socket A/Socket 370.CPU socket
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from List of CPU sockets)
Jump to: navigation, search

Socket 370 processor socket
The term CPU socket (or CPU slot) is widely used to describe the connector linking the motherboard to the CPU(s) in certain types of desktop and server computers, particularly those compatible with the Intel x86 architecture.
Most CPU sockets and processors in use today are built around the pin grid array (PGA) architecture, in which the pins on the underside of the processor are inserted into the socket, usually with zero insertion force (ZIF) to aid installation. In contrast to this, several current and upcoming sockets use a land grid array (LGA) in which the pins are on the socket side instead and come in contact with pads on the processor. Slot based processors are cartridge shaped and fix into a slot that looks similar to expansion slots.
Contents[hide]
1 List of sockets and slots
1.1 Sockets
1.2 Slots
2 See also
3 External links
//

[edit] List of sockets and slots

[edit] Sockets
Socket 1 - 80486
Socket 2 - 80486
Socket 3 - 80486 (3.3 V and 5 V) and compatibles
Socket 4 - Intel Pentium 60/66 MHz
Socket 5 - Intel Pentium 75-133 MHz; AMD K5; IDT WinChip C6, WinChip 2
Socket 6 - 80486
Socket 7 - Intel Pentium, Pentium MMX; AMD K6
Super Socket 7 - AMD K6-2, AMD K6-III; Rise mP6
Socket 8 - Intel Pentium Pro
Socket 370 - Intel Pentium III, Celeron; Cyrix III; VIA C3
Socket 423 - Intel Pentium 41 Willamette core
Socket 463 (also known as Socket NexGen) - NexGen Nx586
Socket 478 - Intel Pentium 4, Celeron, Pentium 4 Extreme Edition1
Socket 479 - Intel Pentium M, Celeron M, Core Duo, & Core Solo
Socket 486 - 80486
Socket 499 - DEC Alpha 21164a
Socket 563 - AMD low-power mobile Athlon XP-M (µ-PGA Socket, mostly mobile parts)
Socket 603 - Intel Xeon
Socket 604 - Intel Xeon
Socket 754 - AMD single-processor systems using single-channel DDR-SDRAM, including AMD Athlon 64, Sempron, Turion 64
LGA 771 (also known as Socket 771) - Intel Xeon
Socket T (also known as LGA 775 or Socket 775) - Intel Pentium 4, Pentium D, Celeron D, Pentium Extreme Edition, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, Celeron1
Socket 939 - AMD single-processor systems using dual-channel DDR-SDRAM, including Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX to 1 GHz2, Athlon 64 X2, Opteron 100-series
Socket 940 - AMD single and multi-processor systems using DDR-SDRAM, including AMD Opteron 2, Athlon 64 FX
Socket A (also known as Socket 462) - AMD Athlon, Duron, Athlon XP, Athlon XP-M, Athlon MP, and Sempron
Socket F (also known as Socket 1207) - AMD multi-processor systems using DDR2-SDRAM, including AMD Opteron2, replaces Socket 940
Socket AM2 - AMD single-processor systems using DDR2-SDRAM, replaces Socket 754 and Socket 9392
Socket 4x4 - Future AMD dual-processor systems using DDR2-SDRAM, allows two dual-core microprocessors side by side (2x AM2 sockets or 2x 1207-pin socket F are rumoured).
Socket P - Future Intel-based, replaces Socket 479 for notebooks (Expected 2007)
Socket S1 - AMD-based mobile platforms using DDR2-SDRAM, replaces Socket 754 in the mobile sector
PAC418 - Intel Itanium
PAC611 - Intel Itanium 2, HP PA-RISC 8800 and 8900
Socket M - Intel Core Solo, Intel Core Duo, Intel Dual-Core Xeon and Intel Core 2 Duo

[edit] Slots
Slot 1 - Intel Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium III
Slot 2 - Intel Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III Xeon
Slot A - AMD Athlon
Slot B - DEC Alpha
Slotkets - adapters for using socket processors in bus-compatible slot motherboards
1: The 478 pin socket was introduced because it uses a micro-PGA layout which is physically smaller than the socket 423. Socket 775 was introduced with support for PCI express, DDR2 memory and Intel's version of the AMD64 processor extensions (called EM64T), but also moved to the new Land Grid Array physical layout, where the pins are in the socket rather than on the CPU package, for better electrical performance.
2: These sockets are for CPUs with integrated memory controllers. The 754 pin models have a single memory channel routed through the CPU pins. The 939 pin models have two memory channels, hence the higher pin count. The 940 pin CPUs also have two memory channels but they require registered memory, and most have support for SMP. Sockets F and AM2 are redesigned to support DDR2. The Socket F contains 1207 pins (Added pins speculated to be for more scalability and better power distribution. Socket AM2 has 940 pin-holes but does not support current AMD Opteron processors.
3: The slot packages had two advantages; L2 cache could be installed on the processor package but on a separate piece of silicon, and insertion and removal is simpler and easier. However, it lengthens the path of the traces from the CPU to the chipset and so became unsuitable as clock speeds increased past around 500 MHz. They were therefore abandoned and replaced with Socket A/Socket 370.

Types of Computer Casing

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Notebook Bag[China (Mainland)] Notebook bag material: 600D polyester or 1680D imitation.Modern International Company


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Aluminum tool case[China (Mainland)] Special design, strong,slinky and easy carrying We mai96 Matching Results from Changzhou Lidu Cases and Bags Co., Ltd.


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Types Of Power Supply

Types of Power Supplies
Three primary types of power supplies are used for laptops: ac adapters, dc adapters and inverters. Each is different in what it does, and the selection of the appropriate one is dictated by the nature of the power supply that is available for use.Laptop Travel carries a complete line of laptop power adapters, AC, auto and auto/air adapters, for Apple, Compaq, Dell, Gateway, HP, IBM, Sony, Toshiba and many other laptop and notebook brands. Click here to select your laptop model from the drop down menu for a list of avaliable power supplies and power adapters for your laptop. See below for more information about each type of power supply.
AC and DC Power
Laptops, many printers and other computer peripherals require direct current (DC) electricity. DC power is produced by batteries and occurs in nature in static or lightning, but it is not the type of power that is generally available in home and office electric outlets. These generally provide alternating current (AC) electricity, the type used by most household appliances.
AC Adapters
Laptops and other DC devices generally have two common characteristics: the ability of the device to run on batteries and the presence of a small power “brick” outside the device that powers it. They cannot be used with AC power unless the power is “converted” before use. Their power "bricks" are really DC power supplies that convert the AC power from the wall socket into the DC power required for the device. They are often called AC Adapters or chargers (because of their function of charging the internal laptop battery), and have an electric plug for the wall socket on one end and a special connector for plugging into the laptop or other device on the other end.
DC Adapters
Auto batteries, in-flight power systems and solar power systems are common sources of DC power. Although they produce the DC power used by laptops and other DC power devices, they generally produce voltage that is below what is required by many such DC devices. (For example auto batteries usually produce 12V, which is below the voltage required by most laptops.) Thus DC adapters are necessary to adapt the voltage coming from the power source to the voltage that is required by the laptop or other DC device. They have a DC input plug such as a cigarette lighter plug on one end and a special connector for plugging into the laptop or other device on the other end.
Inverters
Inverters are used to change DC power into AC power for use by all electric appliances and electronics. This is generally done by plugging the inverter into the DC source (typically a cigarette lighter receptacle) and providing in the body of the inverter one or more standard household electric sockets. The advantage of an inverter is that it can be used to provide power for ANY device because it is basically supplying a standard AC socket. The disadvantages of an inverter are that the power conversion process is not as efficient as the DC adapter process and that as a rule inverters are larger and heavier than DC adapters.